Ecology in the Indian Knowledge System (IKS)

 

 Ecology in the Indian Knowledge System (IKS)

Indian Knowledge System (IKS) promotes a deep and respectful relationship between humans and nature. Ecological wisdom is not a separate subject in IKS—it is deeply interwoven into philosophy, religion, lifestyle, and traditional practices.

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Key Ecological Concepts in IKS

1. Nature as Sacred

• Prakriti (Nature) is considered divine.

• Elements like earth (Bhumi), water (Jala), fire (Agni), air (Vayu), and space (Akasha) are seen as sacred and worshipped as Panchamahabhutas (five great elements).

• Trees like the Peepal, rivers like the Ganga, and mountains like the Himalayas are revered, which fosters protection and respect for nature.

2. Concept of Dharma and Balance

• Ecological balance is part of Dharma (duty/righteousness).

• Humans are not above nature but a part of the interdependent web of life (Lokasamgraha).

• Traditional practices emphasize minimal consumption and sustainable living.

3. Traditional Agricultural Practices

• Use of organic farming, crop rotation, rainwater harvesting, and natural pest control.

• Knowledge of lunar cycles and seasonal rhythms guides planting and harvesting.

• Examples: Vrikshayurveda (ancient science of plant life), use of cow dung and urine in farming.

4. Sacred Groves and Biodiversity Conservation

• Sacred groves (called Devrai in Maharashtra or Sarpakavu in Kerala) are patches of forest preserved due to religious beliefs.

• These groves act as biodiversity hotspots and help maintain ecological balance.

5. Water Management Systems

• Ancient India had advanced water harvesting and management systems like stepwells (baolis), tanks, and canals.

• Example: Johads in Rajasthan, Kunds in Gujarat.

6. Ayurveda and Ecological Ethics

• Ayurveda uses natural herbs and supports ecosystem health.

• It promotes the ethical use of plants, understanding their role in the larger environment.

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Modern Relevance of IKS in Ecology

• Climate change and environmental degradation make the eco-centric view of IKS highly relevant today.

• IKS encourages local solutions, community-based conservation, and sustainable development.

• Revival of IKS ecological wisdom can help build a more resilient and nature-friendly society.

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Quotes & Teachings

• "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" – The world is one family – highlights global ecological interconnectedness.

• Bhagavad Gita (3.14) – "All beings are born from food, food is produced by rain, rain is produced by sacrifice, and sacrifice is rooted in duty" – indicates the cycle of nature and human responsibility.